The official armor of Roman soldiers, especially legionaries, was designed to ensure protection, mobility, and efficiency in combat. Between the 1st century BCE and the 3rd century CE, the most iconic model was the lorica segmentata, made of articulated iron plates covering the chest, shoulders, and upper arms. These plates were fastened with leather straps and buckles, offering a balance of protection and flexibility. Complementing the armor, soldiers wore a metal helmet (galea), often reinforced with side guards and a neck protector.

Additionally, the armor was paired with a curved rectangular shield (scutum), used for both defense and tactical formations like the “testudo” (tortoise formation). Reinforced sandals with hobnails (caligae) were designed for durability and long marches. These components not only reflected the military excellence of Rome but also its strategic use of standardized equipment, which could be efficiently mass-produced and repaired.